[C++] Make Arrow C++ buildable with MSVC on Windows ARM64

[jgiannuzzi]

Describe the enhancement requested

Currently Arrow C++ is not buildable on Windows ARM64 with MSVC, but only with clang. When building ParquetSharp, we use vcpkg which only supports MSVC for Windows. G-Research/ParquetSharp#441 is a feature request that we would like to solve by making Arrow C++ buildable with MSVC on Windows ARM64.

I'm willing to contribute a fix for this.

Component(s)

C++

[raulcd]

Now that GitHub provides ARM64 runners it would be good to have a windows-11-arm runner to test this as part of our CI.
https://github.blog/changelog/2025-04-14-windows-arm64-hosted-runners-now-available-in-public-preview/

[jgiannuzzi]

I'm happy to try to add that to the CI @raulcd!

[jgiannuzzi]

CI job added in #47811

[pitrou]

Issue resolved by pull request 47779
#47779